"Genetic modification of gluten and its effect on celiac disease: a systematic review study"
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i1.626Keywords:
Celiac disease, CRISPR/Cas9, Gluten, Immunogenicity, Wheat.Abstract
Celiac disease is considered a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption in genetically susceptible individuals. Currently, there is no cure for this condition, and people with celiac disease must adhere to a gluten-free diet, which is significantly unbalanced and nutritionally restrictive. In this study, we conducted a systematic scientific analysis of the relationship between gluten and advancements in biotechnology, including wheat genome re-engineering and the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology. We analyzed the results of these studies in relation to the immunogenic properties of gluten and concluded with their potential for clinical application.
The method was a theoretical-descriptive approach, considering studies published from 2019 to 2024 in recognized scientific databases. Several strict criteria were established for the inclusion and exclusion of studies. We focused on various experimental, analytical, and clinical investigations that were open access. The analysis focused on the study design, the gene-editing technique and modification of immunogenic gluten, as well as the immunological and technical effects of the gluten change.
Ultimately, the results obtained allow us to conclude that, despite a strict gluten-free diet, some patients still exhibit persistent molecular activity associated with the disease. Furthermore, the data show that replacing gliadins with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing leads to a significant reduction in gluten immunotoxicity and, at the same time, improves wheat's baking attributes.
On the other hand, new varieties and genotypes with very low levels of immunogenicity were identified, presenting valuable options for future plant breeding projects. Taken together, these findings suggest that gluten gene editing is a novel and innovative strategy that, in theory, could complement dietary approaches and result in significant improvements in the quality of life for patients with celiac disease.
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