Tabaquismo y exposiciones ambientales en la aparición de Fibrosis Pulmonar

Ashly Mishel Aguilar R.; Juana Karina Pineda A.; Edgar Alexander Salazar C.

doi:10.70577/asce.v5i2.808

Autores/as

Ashly Mishel Aguilar R. Universidad Técnica de Machala, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2340-4570
Juana Karina Pineda A. Universidad Técnica de Machala, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6815-020X
Edgar Alexander Salazar C. Universidad Técnica de Machala, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y de la Salud https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-1248

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i2.808

Palabras clave:

fibrosis pulmonar; tabaquismo; contaminantes; estrés oxidativo

Resumen

La fibrosis pulmonar (FP) es una enfermedad intersticial progresiva marcada por remodelación pulmonar, pérdida de elasticidad y alta morbimortalidad. Su desarrollo se asocia a inflamación persistente y a factores externos como el tabaquismo y la exposición a contaminantes ambientales. Este estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, abarcó una revisión de la literatura actual a través de bases de datos científicas empleando términos MeSH y DeCS, fueron utilizadas 34 bibliografías correspondientes a los últimos 5 años, incluyendo 10 estudios principales seleccionados a través de un diagrama PRISMA 2020.

La evidencia demostró que humo del tabaco, el material particulado (PM2.5 y PM10), las nanopartículas y otros tóxicos ambientales conducen a estrés oxidativo y daño epitelial, activando rutas profibróticas como TGF-β1, p38 MAPK, Wnt/β-catenina y PI3K-Akt. También se destaca la participación de LINC00665 y la estabilización de TGFB1 mediada por NAT10, que promueven la transición epitelio-mesénquima y el proceso proliferativo de fibroblastos. La acción combinada de tabaco y contaminantes disminuye el aclaramiento de macrófagos y favorece el deterioro pulmonar.

Los estudios concuerdan en que el estrés oxidativo a largo plazo y la activación de fibroblastos representan procesos clave en la progresión de la FP. Se concluye que el tabaquismo y los contaminantes ambientales son factores decisivos en su patogénesis y que su acción conjunta agrava el pronóstico, lo que destaca la necesidad de detectar y reducir estas exposiciones de forma temprana.

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