Influence Of Risk Factors On Postpartum Depression In Women Of Reproductive Age
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i2.812Keywords:
postpartum depression; women of childbearing age; risk factors; influence; prevalence.Abstract
Postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as a state of melancholy, low self-esteem, or lack of motivation that occurs within the first year after childbirth. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), postpartum depression (PPD) is defined as a depressive disorder that occurs within the first four weeks after childbirth; however, women remain at high risk of developing this depressive disorder several months after childbirth, and even up to one year postpartum. The study aimed to analyze the influence of risk factors on the onset of postpartum depression in women of childbearing age through a literature review. This research was conducted under the positivist paradigm and adopts a quantitative approach, with a basic research type; the design is non-experimental, and the level of research is descriptive. For data collection, Research Rabbit and VOSviewer were used, which allow for bibliometric analysis; the information was also organized in a data collection sheet created in Microsoft Excel 2016. The following risk factors were identified: Sociodemographic (maternal age, lack of social support, immigration), Physical and Biological (body mass index, sleep apnea), Psychological (history of depression, history of violence and abuse), Obstetric (obstetric violence, gestational diabetes, prematurity), and Cultural (baby’s sex). The prevalence ranged from 10% to 19%; ultimately, the most influential factor was a history of depression, present in 72.72% of the studies.
Downloads
References
Abdollahi, F., Lye, M. S., & Zarghami, M. (2016). Perspective of Postpartum Depression Theories: A Narrative Literature Review. North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(6), 232. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.185027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.185027
Agrawal, I., Mehendale, A. M., & Malhotra, R. (2022). Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression. Cureus, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.30898 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30898
Alshikh Ahmad, H., Alkhatib, A., & Luo, J. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta–analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2021 21:1, 21(1), 542-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12884-021-04016-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9
Alves, C., Soares, L., & Faria, A. L. (2023). Gravidez e depressão pós-parto (DPP): uma revisão não sistemática sobre o estado da arte do conhecimento da DPP. Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2023.9.1.293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31211/rpics.2023.9.1.293
Baattaiah, B. A., Alharbi, M. D., Babteen, N. M., Al-Maqbool, H. M., Babgi, F. A., & Albatati, A. A. (2023). The relationship between fatigue, sleep quality, resilience, and the risk of postpartum depression: an emphasis on maternal mental health. BMC Psychology 2023 11:1, 11(1), 10-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-023-01043-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01043-3
Bradshaw, H., Riddle, J. N., Salimgaraev, R., Zhaunova, L., & Payne, J. L. (2022). Risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms: A multinational study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 301, 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2021.12.121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.121
Brockington, I. (2005). A Historical Perspective on the Psychiatry of Motherhood. In Bibl Psychiatr. Basel, Karger (Number 173). https://doi.org/10.1159/000087441 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000087441
Buitrago-Garcia, D., Salanti, G., & Low, N. (2022). Studies of prevalence: how a basic epidemiology concept has gained recognition in the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Open, 12(10), e061497. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJOPEN-2022-061497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061497
Dadi, A. F., Akalu, T. Y., Baraki, A. G., & Wolde, H. F. (2020). Epidemiology of postnatal depression and its associated factors in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 15(4), e0231940. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0231940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231940
Della Corte, L., La Rosa, V. L., Cassinese, E., Ciebiera, M., Zaręba, K., De Rosa, N., Verrazzo, P., Improda, F. P., Vitale, S. G., Giampaolino, P., Commodari, E., & Bifulco, G. (2022). Prevalence and associated psychological risk factors of postpartum depression: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 42(5), 976–980. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1980512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2021.1980512
Desta, M., Memiah, P., Kassie, B., Ketema, D. B., Amha, H., Getaneh, T., & Sintayehu, M. (2021). Postpartum depression and its association with intimate partner violence and inadequate social support in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 737–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2020.11.053 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.053
Dimcea, D. A. M., Petca, R. C., Dumitrașcu, M. C., Șandru, F., Mehedințu, C., & Petca, A. (2024). Postpartum Depression: Etiology, Treatment, and Consequences for Maternal Care. Diagnostics 2024, Vol. 14, Page 865, 14(9), 865. https://doi.org/10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS14090865 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090865
Dol, J., Dennis, C. L., Campbell-Yeo, M., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2024). Bibliometric analysis of published articles on perinatal depression from 1920 to 2020. Birth, 51(1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/BIRT.12779;PAGEGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12779
Ďuríčeková, B., Škodová, Z., & Bašková, M. (2024). Risk factors associated with postpartum depression and PTSD after birth in a sample of Slovak women. Heliyon, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23560
Edwards, L. M., Le, H. N., & Garnier-Villarreal, M. (2021). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression Among Latinas. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 25(4), 554–564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03104-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03104-0
Fan, Q., Long, Q., De Silva, V., Gunarathna, N., Jayathilaka, U., Dabrera, T., Lynn, H., & Østbye, T. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression in Sri Lanka: A population-based study. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 101855. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJP.2019.101855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101855
Farouk, B. U., Olebo, D. F., & Igwe, M. C. (2025). Identification and Measurement of Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies: A Review. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES, 6(1), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJSES/2025/61.889700 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJSES/2025/61.889700
Hutchens, B. F., & Kearney, J. (2020). Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: An Umbrella Review. In Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health (Vol. 65, Number 1, pp. 96–108). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13067 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13067
Khamidullina, Z., Marat, A., Muratbekova, S., Mustapayeva, N. M., Chingayeva, G. N., Shepetov, A. M., Ibatova, S. S., Terzic, M., & Aimagambetova, G. (2025). Postpartum Depression Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Management: An Appraisal of the Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(7), 2418. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM14072418/S1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072418
Kroh, S. J., & Lim, G. (2021). Perinatal Depression. International Anesthesiology Clinics, 59(3), 45. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0000000000000325 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0000000000000325
Kurniati, A. M., Partan, R. U., Lestari, P. M., Liberty, I. A., Zulkarnain, M., Effendy, K. Y., & Indra, B. (2025). Relationship between Inflammatory Cytokine and Depressive Symptoms in Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review. Journal of Mother and Child, 29(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.34763/JMOTHERANDCHILD.20252901.D-25-00006
Lin, R., Lu, Y., Luo, W., Zhang, B., Liu, Z., & Xu, Z. (2022). Risk factors for postpartum depression in women undergoing elective cesarean section: A prospective cohort study. Frontiers in Medicine, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1001855 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.1001855
Liu, X., Wang, S., & Wang, G. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. In Journal of Clinical Nursing (Vol. 31, Numbers 19–20, pp. 2665–2677). John Wiley and Sons Inc. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16121
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, N., & Jiang, H. (2021). Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry 2021 21:1, 21(1), 487-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12888-021-03432-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03432-7
Maniaci, A., La Via, L., Lentini, M., Pecorino, B., Chiofalo, B., Scibilia, G., Lavalle, S., Luca, A., & Scollo, P. (2025). The Interplay Between Sleep Apnea and Postpartum Depression. Neurology International 2025, Vol. 17, Page 20, 17(2), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/NEUROLINT17020020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17020020
Martínez Salazar, A., Soria Nauya, E., Ortega Franco, A., & Banchón Bohorquez, V. (2024). Correlación entre el abuso del alcohol durante el embarazo y la depresión posparto: Estudio transversal en mujeres puérperas de Guayaquil, Ecuador. Revista Ciencia y Salud Integrando Conocimientos, 8(3), 91–99. https://doi.org/10.34192/cienciaysalud.v8i3.790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.34192/cienciaysalud.v8i3.790
Meky, H. K., Shaaban, M. M., Ahmed, M. R., & Mohammed, T. Y. (2020). Prevalence of postpartum depression regarding mode of delivery: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 33(19), 3300–3307. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1571572 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2019.1571572
Parra-Parra, P., Perugachi-Pérez, A., Sánchez-Arévalo, J., Morales-Corozo, J., Alemán-Vera, C., Chilito-Osorio, V., Sánchez-Castro, V., & Rochina-Chisaguano, M. (2022). What factors predispose to postpartum depression in Ecuadorian women? A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 11(2), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.9790/1959-1102062940
Peng, S., Lai, X., Du, Y., Meng, L., Gan, Y., & Zhang, X. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in China: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 1096–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2021.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.012
Presa-García, M., García-Luque, A., Luis Callol-Sánchez, L., Abril-García, A., Muñoz-Lucas, M., Presa-García, M., García-Luque, A., Luis Callol-Sánchez, L., Abril-García, A., & Muñoz-Lucas, M. (2023). Influencia de la anhedonia en la evolución clínica del trastorno depresivo. Sanidad Militar, 79(2), 75–81. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1887-85712023000200004
Qi, W., Zhao, F., Liu, Y., Li, Q., & Hu, J. (2021). Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression in Chinese women: a meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03657-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03657-0
Rai, B., Dagar, N., Chauhan, D., & Grover, S. (2023). Postpartum Depression: An Overview of Reviews and Guide for Management. Journal of Mental Health and Human Behaviour, 28(1), 4–16. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_254_22 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_254_22
Rasmussen, M. L. H., Poulsen, G. J., Videbech, P., Wohlfahrt, J., & Melbye, M. (2023). Endocrine disease history and the risk of postpartum depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 222(3), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2022.173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2022.173
Roumieh, M., Bashour, H., Kharouf, M., & Chaikha, S. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum depression among women seen at Primary Health Care Centres in Damascus. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2019 19:1, 19(1), 519-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12884-019-2685-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2685-9
Rupanagunta, G. P., Nandave, M., Rawat, D., Upadhyay, J., Rashid, S., & Ansari, M. N. (2023). Postpartum depression: aetiology, pathogenesis and the role of nutrients and dietary supplements in prevention and management. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(7), 1274–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSPS.2023.05.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2023.05.008
Shuman, C. J., Peahl, A. F., Pareddy, N., Morgan, M. E., Chiangong, J., Veliz, P. T., & Dalton, V. K. (2022). Postpartum depression and associated risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Research Notes 2022 15:1, 15(1), 102-. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13104-022-05991-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-022-05991-8
Silva-Fernandez, C. S., de la Calle, M., Arribas, S. M., Garrosa, E., & Ramiro-Cortijo, D. (2023). Factors Associated with Obstetric Violence Implicated in the Development of Postpartum Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review. Nursing Reports 2023, Vol. 13, Pages 1553-1576, 13(4), 1553–1576. https://doi.org/10.3390/NURSREP13040130 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep13040130
Tambelli, R., Tosto, S., & Favieri, F. (2025). Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 173. https://doi.org/10.3390/BS15020173/S1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020173
Thul, T. A., Corwin, E. J., Carlson, N. S., Brennan, P. A., & Young, L. J. (2020). Oxytocin and postpartum depression: A systematic review. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 120, 104793. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYNEUEN.2020.104793 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104793
Truong, C., Juhl, A., & Hwang, S. S. (2021). Risk factors for postpartum depressive symptoms among mothers of Colorado-born preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology, 41(8), 2028–2037. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-021-01088-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-021-01088-5
Uzun, N. D., Tekin, M., & Uzun, F. (2021). A Comprehensive Analysis of Postpartum Depression and Delivery Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences 2021, Vol. 8, Pages 94-99, 8(1), 94–99. https://doi.org/10.22543/7674.81.P9499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22543/7674.81.P9499
Vásquez-Dextre, E. R. (2016). Mindfulness: Conceptos generales, psicoterapia y aplicaciones clínicas. Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría, 79(1), 42–51. http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-85972016000100006&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es DOI: https://doi.org/10.20453/rnp.v79i1.2767
Wang, X., Zhang, L., Lin, X., Nian, S., Wang, X., & Lu, Y. (2024). Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depressive symptoms at 42 days among 2462 women in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 350, 706–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2024.01.135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.135
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, W., Krabbendam, E., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Li, Z., & Yang, B. X. (2021). Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. In Translational Psychiatry (Vol. 11, Number 1). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01692-1
Yaqoob, H., Ju, X. Da, Bibi, M., Anwar, S., & Naz, S. (2024). “A systematic review of risk factors of postpartum depression. Evidence from Asian culture “. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104436. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTPSY.2024.104436 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104436
Ye, Z., Wang, L., Yang, T., Chen, L. Z., Wang, T., Chen, L., Zhao, L., Zhang, S., Luo, L., & Qin, J. (2020). Gender of infant and risk of postpartum depression: a meta-analysis based on cohort and case-control studies. In The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine (Vol. 35, Number 13, pp. 2581–2590). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1786809 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2020.1786809
Zhao, X. hu, & Zhang, Z. hua. (2020). Risk factors for postpartum depression: An evidence-based systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJP.2020.102353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102353
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jinson André Quezada Gálvez , María Elizabeth Torres Rivera , Brígida Maritza Agudo Gonzabay
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Eres libre de:
- Compartir : copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato
- Adaptar : remezclar, transformar y desarrollar el material
- El licenciante no puede revocar estas libertades siempre y cuando usted cumpla con los términos de la licencia.
En los siguientes términos:
- Atribución : Debe otorgar el crédito correspondiente , proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se realizaron cambios . Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de ninguna manera que sugiera que el licenciante lo respalda a usted o a su uso.
- No comercial : no puede utilizar el material con fines comerciales .
- CompartirIgual — Si remezcla, transforma o construye sobre el material, debe distribuir sus contribuciones bajo la misma licencia que el original.
- Sin restricciones adicionales : no puede aplicar términos legales ni medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros hacer algo que la licencia permite.
