Contaminantes emergentes y resistencia antimicrobiana en sistemas acuáticos: revisión sistemática de los mecanismos químicos y microbiológicos involucrados

Autores/as

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i3.1112

Palabras clave:

Contaminación, Eliminación de desechos, Medio ambiente acuático, Microbiología, Procesos químicos

Resumen

La resistencia antimicrobiana, ha evolucionado de un problema, asociado principalmente al ámbito clínico, hacia una amenaza ambiental, pues, los ecosistemas acuáticos, reciben de forma continua diversos contaminantes emergentes, que modifican las comunidades microbianas, y favorecen la resistencia antimicrobiana; esta situación ha convertido a ríos, lagos, efluentes hospitalarios, y plantas de tratamiento, en reservorios donde interactúan procesos químicos, y microbiológicos, que contribuyen a la expansión del resistoma ambiental. Por ello, el objetivo fue; analizar la evidencia científica publicada durante los últimos cinco años, sobre la influencia de los contaminantes emergentes, en la resistencia antimicrobiana en sistemas acuáticos, con énfasis en los mecanismos químicos, y microbiológicos involucrados. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura, siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA 2020, la búsqueda se efectuó en Scopus, Web of Science, y PubMed, considerando artículos publicados entre 2021 y 2025, la selección incluyó procesos de identificación, depuración, cribado, y elegibilidad, mientras que la información recopilada, abarcó contaminantes, genes de resistencia, microorganismos, metodologías, y mecanismos asociados. Los estudios identificaron, a las aguas residuales, y efluentes hospitalarios, como los principales reservorios de resistencia antimicrobiana; los antibióticos residuales, microplásticos, metales pesados, y PFAS, destacaron entre los contaminantes más relevantes; los genes sul, tet, bla, erm, qnr, y mcr, presentaron amplia distribución ambiental; la co-selección, la resistencia cruzada, y la transferencia horizontal de genes, emergieron como los principales mecanismos responsables de la persistencia, y dispersión de la resistencia. La resistencia antimicrobiana en sistemas acuáticos resulta de una interacción compleja, entre contaminantes emergentes, comunidades microbianas, y elementos genéticos móviles.

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Publicado

2026-09-29

Cómo citar

Téllez Romero, J. G., García Saavedra, M., Osorio Martínez, C. A., Torres Mancera, M. T., & Velasquez Ferrin, A. I. (2026). Contaminantes emergentes y resistencia antimicrobiana en sistemas acuáticos: revisión sistemática de los mecanismos químicos y microbiológicos involucrados. ASCE MAGAZINE, 5(3), 3219–3237. https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i3.1112

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