Economic analysis of the Ecuador-China trade agreement and its impact on the non-oil trade balance (2019-2024)

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i3.1022

Keywords:

balance of trade, economic concentration; economic integration; trade policy; international trade

Abstract

Ecuador’s trade balance with China was characterized by a persistent deficit and a heavy concentration in a limited number of products—particularly shrimp—which heightened the country’s dependence on Chinese demand and market-access conditions. This study aimed to analyze changes in the composition and balance of bilateral trade between 2019 and 2024, with particular attention to the period from May to December 2024, following the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA). A descriptive quantitative approach and documentary analysis were employed. The quantitative component examined official statistics from the WITS/World Bank, Central Bank of Ecuador, and ECLAC databases using growth rates, trade-balance calculations, and sectoral shares. The documentary analysis covered the provisions of the agreement and its market-access mechanisms. Ecuadorian exports increased from USD 2.897 billion in 2019 to USD 6.242 billion in 2022, before declining by 9.1% in 2023 and 10.3% in 2024, when they reached USD 5.090 billion. The FOB–CIF trade balance remained in deficit throughout the 2019–2023 period. Shrimp accounted for 67.9% of Ecuador’s exports to China, excluding crude oil, between January and November 2023, and approximately 59.2% in 2024. The 2024 figure was 33.1 percentage points below official projections. The findings indicate that the period examined did not provide sufficient grounds to attribute the observed changes to the effects of the FTA. They also highlight the need for complementary measures to promote export diversification and improve sanitary certification and logistics.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Álvarez, R., & Fuentes, R. (2019). Trade agreements and export diversification: Evidence from the Chile-China FTA. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(4), 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1571123

Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J., Fry, M. J., & Ohlmann, J. W. (2020). Statistics for business and economics. Cengage Learning.

Arias, J., & Covinos, M. (2021). Diseño y metodología de la investigación. Enfoques Consulting.

Banco Central del Ecuador. (s. f.). Estadísticas de Comercio Exterior de Bienes (Balanza Comercial - Por Productos). Banco Central del Ecuador. Recuperado el 24 de mayo de 2026, de: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/documentos/informacioneconomica/SectorExterno/ix_ComercioExterior.html#

Banco Central del Ecuador. (s. f.). Estadísticas de Comercio Exterior de Bienes (Balanza Comercial - Por Países). Banco Central del Ecuador. Recuperado el 24 de mayo de 2026, de: https://contenido.bce.fin.ec/documentos/informacioneconomica/SectorExterno/ix_ComercioExterior.html#

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design. SAGE Publications.

Da Ponte, I. N. (2021). ¿Los acuerdos comerciales diversifican las exportaciones? El caso chileno. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, 4(11), 49–73. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2021.64993

Durán, J. E., & Morales, J. (2024). Estudio sobre los posibles impactos de un acuerdo comercial entre el Ecuador y China. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL)

Fairlie, A. (2019). La influencia del TLC con China en los flujos comerciales del Perú. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, 2(5), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-9368.2019.56351

Gallagher, K. P., & Porzecanski, R. (2010). The dragon in the room: China and the future of Latin American industrialization. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804775984

Jiménez, V. E. (2021). Triangulación metodológica cualitativa y cuantitativa. Revista Sobre Estudios e Investigaciones Del Saber académico, 14, 76-81. https://doi.org/10.70833/rseisa14item276

Krugman, P., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. (2018). International economics: Theory and policy (11th ed.). Pearson.

Ministerio de Producción, Comercio Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca [MPCEIP]. (2024a). Boletín de Cifras: Comercio Exterior Septiembre 2024. https://www.produccion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/VFBoletinComercioExteriorSEP2024.pdf

Ministerio de Producción, Comercio Exterior, Inversiones y Pesca. (2024b). Boletines de Comercio Exterior 2024 [Archivo PDF]. https://www.produccion.gob.ec/boletines-de-comercio-exterior-2024/

Nagy, S. G. (2025). The economics of regional integration. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003506423

Ocampo, J. A. (2017). Commodity-led development in Latin America. International Development Policy | Revue internationale de politique de développement, 9, 51-76. https://doi.org/10.4000/poldev.2354

República del Ecuador & República Popular China. (2023). Tratado de Libre Comercio entre el Gobierno de la República del Ecuador y el Gobierno de la República Popular China. https://www.produccion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Copia-de-FTA-COPY-ECUADOR-SPANISH_.pdf

Tamayo y Tamayo, M. (2014). El proceso de la investigación científica. Limusa.

United Nations Statistics Division. (s. f.). Trade data. UN Comtrade Database. United Nations Statistics Division. Recuperado el 29 de mayo de 2026, de https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow

World Bank. (23 de abril de 2023). Connecting to Compete 2023: Logistics Performance Indicators (2.0) [Base de datos]. World Bank Group. https://lpi.worldbank.org/en/indicators/lpi-2-0

World Bank. (28 de abril de 2023). Connecting to Compete 2023: Trade Logistics in an Uncertain Global Economy - The Logistics Performance Index and its Indicators [Base de datos]. World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099042123145531599

World Integrated Trade Solution (s. f.). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) [Base de datos]. World Integrated Trade Solution. Recuperado el 29 de mayo de 2026, de https://wits.worldbank.org/default.aspx?lang=en

World Trade Organization. (s. f.). Tariff & Trade Data. World Trade Organization. Recuperado el 15 de julio de 2026, de https://ttd.wto.org/en

Published

2026-09-22

How to Cite

Montenegro Quiroz, M. L., & Mera Rodríguez, W. G. (2026). Economic analysis of the Ecuador-China trade agreement and its impact on the non-oil trade balance (2019-2024). ANNALS SCIENTIFIC EVOLUTION, 5(3), 3090–3110. https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i3.1022

Similar Articles

<< < 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.