Barreras y factores asociados al tamizaje y diagnóstico temprano del cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres de zonas rurales: una revisión sistemática

Jessica Andrea  Encalada Falconí; Luis Alberto  Erosa-De Haro; Jesús Javier Ñaccha Urbano; Milena Mishelle  Paredes Sandoval; Nathaly Elvia  Sánchez Navarrete

doi:10.70577/asce.v5i3.1102

Autores/as

Jessica Andrea Encalada Falconí Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6151-5679
Luis Alberto Erosa-De Haro Departamento de Calidad de la Investigación Instituto Nacional de Geriatría https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9735-9831
Jesús Javier Ñaccha Urbano Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5035-4849
Milena Mishelle Paredes Sandoval Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4133-2674
Nathaly Elvia Sánchez Navarrete Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4582-0744

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i3.1102

Palabras clave:

Cáncer, Detección de enfermedades, Educación sanitaria, Medicina preventiva, Mujer rural

Resumen

El cáncer cervicouterino, constituye un importante problema de salud pública, aunque dispone de medidas eficaces de prevención, y detección temprana; sin embargo, las mujeres que residen en zonas rurales, enfrentan dificultades que limitan su acceso a los programas de tamizaje, lo que incrementa el riesgo de diagnósticos tardíos, y reduce las posibilidades de tratamiento oportuno. Por ello, el objetivo fue; identificar, analizar y sintetizar, la evidencia disponible sobre las barreras, y los factores asociados al acceso al tamizaje, y al diagnóstico temprano del cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres que habitan zonas rurales. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, basada en la guía PRISMA 2020, la búsqueda incluyó estudios publicados entre 2014 y 2025, se seleccionaron investigaciones cuantitativas, cualitativas, y mixtas relacionadas con el acceso al tamizaje, y diagnóstico temprano. Los hallazgos evidenciaron que, las principales barreras fueron la falta de conocimiento sobre la enfermedad, la distancia a los servicios de salud, las limitaciones económicas, y el temor al diagnóstico; también influyeron factores culturales, educativos, e institucionales; entre los elementos que favorecieron la participación, destacaron la educación sanitaria comunitaria, la disponibilidad local de pruebas, el apoyo de promotores comunitarios, y la gratuidad de los exámenes. La ruralidad continúa como un determinante de inequidad en salud; las barreras identificadas actúan de manera conjunta, y aumentan el riesgo de diagnóstico tardío; la educación comunitaria, el fortalecimiento de la atención primaria, y la implementación de estrategias adaptadas a las características locales, representan acciones fundamentales para mejorar el acceso al tamizaje, y promover una atención más oportuna.

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