Contribución de la medicina veterinaria al control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en la sanidad animal: revisión sistemática de la evidencia científica bajo el enfoque One Health (2021-2026)

Andrés Patricio Salguero Iza; Carol Lisseth Borja Cuadro; Jean Sebastián Cadena Cando; Stephanie Fernanda Chávez Arrese; David Esteban Puyol Guevara

doi:10.70577/asce.v5i4.1130

Autores/as

Andrés Patricio Salguero Iza Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6996-2059
Carol Lisseth Borja Cuadro Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3719-2915
Jean Sebastián Cadena Cando Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2050-7960
Stephanie Fernanda Chávez Arrese Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo -ESPOCH https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3908-4043
David Esteban Puyol Guevara Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo - ESPOCH https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9467-9637

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i4.1130

Palabras clave:

Enfermedad animal, Epidemiologia, Medicina veterinaria, Microorganismos, Prevención de enfermedades

Resumen

El aumento de microorganismos resistentes, compromete la eficacia de los tratamientos, afecta la productividad pecuaria, y favorece la circulación de genes de resistencia entre animales, seres humanos, y ambiente; esta problemática, ha impulsado la adopción del enfoque One Health, el cual reconoce la interdependencia, entre estos tres componentes, y promueve estrategias integradas de control. El objetivo fue; analizar la evidencia científica publicada entre 2021 y 2026, sobre la contribución de la medicina veterinaria, al control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en la sanidad animal, bajo el enfoque One Health. Se realizó una revisión sistemática, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020, la búsqueda se efectuó en, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, y SpringerLink, mediante términos relacionados con resistencia antimicrobiana, medicina veterinaria, sanidad animal, vigilancia epidemiológica, y One Health. El proceso de selección incluyó las fases de identificación, cribado, elegibilidad, e inclusión. Los estudios identificaron, como principales estrategias veterinarias la administración responsable de antimicrobianos, la bioseguridad, la vacunación, y la vigilancia epidemiológica, los programas de uso racional, mostraron una reducción del empleo innecesario de antibióticos, cuando se apoyaron en diagnósticos microbiológicos, y monitoreo continuo. La vigilancia epidemiológica permitió detectar, microorganismos resistentes como Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., y Staphylococcus aureus. Se concluyó que, la medicina veterinaria, desempeña un papel fundamental en la reducción de la resistencia antimicrobiana; los resultados destacan la efectividad de los programas de gestión sanitaria integrados, y confirman que el enfoque One Health, constituye la base más sólida para enfrentar este problema.

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