Estrategia para Preservar la Independencia Funcional en el Adulto Mayor desde los 55-70 Años con Sarcopenia

Angellina F. Huichay Luna; Carmen S. Solis Cedeño; Elizabeth Miranda  Velázquez

doi:10.70577/asce.v5i2.815

Autores/as

Angellina F. Huichay Luna Universidad Técnica de Machala https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3366-4128
Carmen S. Solis Cedeño Universidad Técnica de Machala https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3595-9842
Elizabeth Miranda Velázquez Universidad Técnica de Machala https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9591-9885

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i2.815

Palabras clave:

Sarcopenia; Estado Funcional; Ejercicio; Terapia de Ejercicio; Anciano Frágil

Resumen

La sarcopenia es una enfermedad musculoesquelética frecuente en adultos mayores con una prevalencia mundial del 10% al 29%, asociada a mayor riesgo de caídas, fracturas y pérdida de la independencia funcional, lo que impacta de manera significativa en la calidad de vida. En este contexto, el entrenamiento funcional surge como una estrategia eficaz para mejorar el equilibrio, flexibilidad, movilidad y coordinación favoreciendo la autonomía en las actividades de la vida diaria.

Analizar el ejercicio funcional como estrategia para mantener la autosuficiencia en adultos mayores desde los 55 a 70 años con sarcopenia.

El presente artículo corresponde a una revisión bibliográfica con un enfoque analítico y descriptivo. Se llevo a cabo una búsqueda en documentación científica de alto impacto en bases de datos como ResearchGate, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus, Elsevier y Cohrane , utilizando descriptores médicos como MeSH y DeCS.

Se analizaron 87 artículos de distintos diseños metodológicos, evidenciando que la sarcopenia puede iniciar desde los 30 años y progresar a partir de los 60 años. El entrenamiento funcional evidenció mejorías significativas del 7% al 30% en fuerza muscular, equilibrio y capacidad cardiovascular, contribuyendo al mantenimiento de la independencia funcional en adultos mayores.

El ejercicio funcional es la intervención no farmacológica más efectiva para prevenir la sarcopenia, mejorando la fuerza, el equilibrio y la movilidad.

El entrenamiento funcional es una estrategia viable y efectiva para preservar la independencia funcional y promover un envejecimiento saludable en adultos mayores con sarcopenia.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

1. Amarante, V., Colacce, M., & Manzi, P. (2021). Aging and Productivity in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 56(4), 844–863. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.924

2. Baek, J.-E., Hyeon, S.-J., Kim, M., Cho, H., & Hahm, S.-C. (2024). Effects of dual-task resistance exercise on cognition, mood, depression, functional fitness, and activities of daily living in older adults with cognitive impairment: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 24(1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-024-04942-1

3. Barajas-Galindo, D. E., González Arnáiz, E., Ferrero Vicente, P., & Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D. (2021). Efectos del ejercicio físico en el anciano con sarcopenia. Una revisión sistemática. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición, 68(3), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2020.02.010

4. Bauce, G. (2021). Índice de masa corporal, peso ideal y porcentaje de grasa corporal en personas de diferentes grupos etarios. Revista Digital de Postgrado, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.37910/RDP.2022.11.1.e331

5. Beckwée, D., Delaere, A., Aelbrecht, S., Baert, V., Beaudart, C., Bruyere, O., De Saint-Hubert, M., & Bautmans, I. (2019). Exercise Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. A Systematic Umbrella Review. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 23(6), 494–502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1196-8

6. Calvani, R., Picca, A., Coelho-Júnior, H. J., Tosato, M., Marzetti, E., & Landi, F. (2023). Diet for the prevention and management of sarcopenia. Metabolism, 146, 155637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155637

7. Casas Herrero, Á., Cadore, E. L., Martínez Velilla, N., & Izquierdo Redin, M. (2015). El ejercicio físico en el anciano frágil: Una actualización. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 50(2), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2014.07.003

8. Castro-Coronado, J., Yasima-Vásquez, G., Zapata-Lamana, R., Toloza-Ramírez, D., & Cigarroa, I. (2021). Características de los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza muscular en personas mayores con sarcopenia. Revisión de alcance. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología, 56(5), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regg.2021.05.004

9. Chambergo-Michilot, D. (2021). Sarcopenia: Nueva alternativa para el diagnóstico en lugares con acceso limitado a las tecnologías sanitarias. Gerokomos, 32(1), 30–31. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1134-928X2021000100008

10. Chauca Taipe, D. B., & Cevallos Teneda, A. C. (2023). Prevención de la sarcopenia en el paciente adulto mayor con obesidad. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 7(1), 4316–4333. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i1.4761

11. Cheng, S., Duan, Y., Yang, M., & Wang, X. (2025). Use of multicomponent structured exercise to improve depression in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 23(2), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2025.01.006

12. Contreras-Osorio, F., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Cerda-Vega, E., Campos-Jara, R., Martínez-Salazar, C., Araneda, R., Ebner-Karestinos, D., Arellano-Roco, C., & Campos-Jara, C. (2022). Effects of Sport-Based Exercise Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12573. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912573

13. Daly, R. M., Iuliano, S., Fyfe, J. J., Scott, D., Kirk, B., Thompson, M. Q., Dent, E., Fetterplace, K., Wright, O. R. L., Lynch, G. S., Zanker, J., Yu, S., Kurrle, S., Visvanathan, R., & Maier, A. B. (2022). Screening, Diagnosis and Management of Sarcopenia and Frailty in Hospitalized Older Adults: Recommendations from the Australian and New Zealand Society for Sarcopenia and Frailty Research (ANZSSFR) Expert Working Group. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 26(6), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-022-1801-0

14. Dirección Población Adulta Mayor – Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano. (s/f).

15. Edwards, H. R., Jones, H., Moseley, J., Marshall, T., El-Khamisy, S., Aung, M. N., & Farrow, M. (2023). Exercise Interventions for the Management of Sarcopenia: Possibilities and Challenges. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics, 41(4), 654–677. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703181.2023.2220738

16. Envejecimiento: Población mundial. (s/f).

17. Envejecimiento y salud. (s/f). Recuperado el 23 de enero de 2026, de https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

18. Escribà Salvans, A., Jerez Roig, J., Molas Tuneu, M., Farrés Godayol, P., Moreno Martin, P., Goutan Roura, E., Güell Masramon, H., Amblàs Novellas, J., Skelton, D. A., Torres Moreno, M., & Minobes Molina, E. (2022). Sarcopenia and associated factors according to the EWGSOP2 criteria in older people living in nursing homes: A cross sectional study.

19. Esparza-Hurtado, N., Martagon, A. J., Hart-Vazquez, D. P., Rodríguez-Tadeo, A., & González-Arellanes, R. (2024). Novel BMI cutoff points for obesity diagnosis in older Hispanic adults. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 27498. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65553-9

20. Feng, L., Gao, Q., Hu, K., Wu, M., Wang, Z., Chen, F., Mei, F., Zhao, L., & Ma, B. (2022). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Sarcopenia in Patients With Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107(5), 1470–1483. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab884

21. Fernandes, F., Turra, C. M., & Rios Neto, E. L. G. (2023). World population aging as a function of period demographic conditions. Demographic Research, 48, 353–372. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2023.48.13

22. Flores-Flores, O., Zevallos-Morales, A., Pollard, S. L., Checkely, W., Siddharthan, T., Hurst, J. R., Bernabé-Ortiz, A., Runzer-Colmenares, F. M., Witham, M., & Parodi, J. F. (2023). Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among community-dwelling Peruvian adults: A cross-sectional study. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3031470/v1

23. Freire, W. D. S., Silva, G. H. C. D., & Fontes, P. A. D. S. D. (2025). Treinamento de força e a melhora na saúde de pessoas idosas. Research, Society and Development, 14(10), e82141049713. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v14i10.49713

24. Frontera, W. R. (2022). Rehabilitation of Older Adults with Sarcopenia: From Cell to Functioning. Progress in Rehabilitation Medicine, 7(0), n/a. https://doi.org/10.2490/prm.20220044

25. Fuentes-Barría, H., Urbano-Cerda, S., Aguilera-Eguía, R., & González-Wong, C. (2020). Ejercicio físico y suplementación nutricional para el combate de la obesidad sarcopénica en adultos mayores. Universidad y Salud, 23(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.212301.213

26. Ganapathy, A., & Nieves, J. W. (2020). Nutrition and Sarcopenia—What Do We Know? Nutrients, 12(6), 1755. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061755

27. Gaviria Chavarro, J., Zambrano Bermeo, R. N., Rojas Padilla, I. C., & Gómez Gaviria, M. L. (2025). Ejercicio físico y envejecimiento saludable; impacto sobre el bienestar general y la aptitud física en adultos mayores. Retos, 65, 445–457. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v65.104232

28. Govindasamy, K., Rao, C. R., Chandrasekaran, B., Parpa, K., & Granacher, U. (2025). Effects of Resistance Training on Sarcopenia Risk Among Healthy Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Physiological Mechanisms. Life, 15(5), 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050688

29. Grupo AFySE, Investigación en Actividad Física y Salud Escolar, Escuela de Pedagogía en Educación Física, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8370040,Chile, Pinto, M. M., Farías-Valenzuela, C., Ferrero-Hernadez, P., Ferrari, G., & Castillo-Paredes, A. (2023). Effects of Physical Activity or exercise on depressive symptoms and self-esteem in older adults. A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols. https://doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.6.0094

30. Guo, C., Dai, T., Zhang, H., Luo, M., Gao, J., & Feng, X. (2025). Effect of resistance training on body composition and physical function in older females with sarcopenic obesity—A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 17, 1495218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495218

31. Gutiérrez Granillo, & Varela, R. A. (2024). ESTRATEGIAS DE RESISTENCIA: Combatir la Sarcopenia con Ciencia y Ejercicio. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28453.92643

32. Hu, J., Wang, Y., Ji, X., Zhang, Y., Li, K., & Huang, F. (2024). Non-Pharmacological Strategies for Managing Sarcopenia in Chronic Diseases. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 19, 827–841. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S455736

33. Hurst, C., Robinson, S. M., Witham, M. D., Dodds, R. M., Granic, A., Buckland, C., De Biase, S., Finnegan, S., Rochester, L., Skelton, D. A., & Sayer, A. A. (2022). Resistance exercise as a treatment for sarcopenia: Prescription and delivery. Age and Ageing, 51(2), afac003. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afac003

34. Izquierdo, M., Merchant, R. A., Morley, J. E., Anker, S. D., Aprahamian, I., Arai, H., Aubertin-Leheudre, M., Bernabei, R., Cadore, E. L., Cesari, M., Chen, L.-K., De Souto Barreto, P., Duque, G., Ferrucci, L., Fielding, R. A., García-Hermoso, A., Gutiérrez-Robledo, L. M., Harridge, S. D. R., Kirk, B., … Singh, M. F. (2021). International Exercise Recommendations in Older Adults (ICFSR): Expert Consensus Guidelines. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 25(7), 824–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1665-8

35. Kakehi, S., Wakabayashi, H., Inuma, H., Inose, T., Shioya, M., Aoyama, Y., Hara, T., Uchimura, K., Tomita, K., Okamoto, M., Yoshida, M., Yokota, S., & Suzuki, H. (2022). Rehabilitation Nutrition and Exercise Therapy for Sarcopenia. The World Journal of Men’s Health, 40(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200190

36. Kim, D., Morikawa, S., Miyawaki, M., Nakagawa, T., Ogawa, S., & Kase, Y. (2025). Sarcopenia prevention in older adults: Effectiveness and limitations of non-pharmacological interventions. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, 11(2), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afos.2025.05.005

37. Kıskaç, M., Soysal, P., Smith, L., Capar, E., & Zorlu, M. (2022). What is the Optimal Body Mass Index Range for Older Adults? Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research, 26(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.4235/agmr.22.0012

38. Lee, J. (2024). Sarcopenia and exercise: Challenges in the era of aging. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 20(6), 203–204. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.2448666.333

39. Lerena, V. S., Coronello, E. C., Torres Barrón, I. C., Lucas, S. P., & Diaz, A. G. (2024). Sarcopenia: ¿Es posible un diagnóstico clínico? Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de Córdoba, 81(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.31053/1853.0605.v81.n1.42334

40. Liu, C., Chang, W.-P., Shin, Y. C., Hu, Y.-L., & Morgan-Daniel, J. (2024). Is functional training functional? A systematic review of its effects in community-dwelling older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 21(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-024-00366-3

41. Liu, M., Li, J., Xu, J., Chen, Y., Chien, C., Zhang, H., Zhang, Q., & Wang, L. (2024). Graded Progressive Home-Based Resistance Combined with Aerobic Exercise in Community-Dwelling Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 19, 1581–1595. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S473081

42. Mannaa, M., Pfennigwerth, P., Fielitz, J., Gollasch, M., & Boschmann, M. (2023). Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition impacts energy homeostasis and induces sex‐specific body weight loss in humans. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(6), 2757–2767. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13352

43. Medina-Fernández, I. A., Torres-Obregón, R., Esparza-González, S. C., & Delabra-Salinas, M. M. (2019). Ejercicios que apoyan el funcionamiento físico en adultos mayores con sarcopenia. SANUS, (5), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.36789/sanus.vi5.89

44. Mile, M., Balogh, L., Papp, G., Pucsok, J. M., Szabó, K., Barna, L., Csiki, Z., & Lekli, I. (2021). Effects of Functional Training on Sarcopenia in Elderly Women in the Presence or Absence of ACE Inhibitors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126594

45. Miller, K. J., Mesagno, C., McLaren, S., Grace, F., Yates, M., & Gomez, R. (2019). Exercise, Mood, Self-Efficacy, and Social Support as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Direct and Interaction Effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2145. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02145

46. Minobes-Molina, E., Rierola-Fochs, S., Parés-Martínez, C., Farrés-Godayol, P., Ochandorena-Acha, M., Heras, E., Missé, J., Zambom-Ferraresi, Fabricio, Zambom-Ferraresi, Fabiola, Ars, J., Terradas-Monllor, M., & Escribà-Salvans, A. (2025). Deepening Physical Exercise Intervention Protocols for Older People with Sarcopenia Following Establishment of the EWGSOP2 Consensus: A Systematic Review. Geriatrics, 10(4), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10040091

47. Moretti, A., Tomaino, F., Paoletta, M., Liguori, S., Migliaccio, S., Rondanelli, M., Di Iorio, A., Pellegrino, R., Donnarumma, D., Di Nunzio, D., Toro, G., Gimigliano, F., Brandi, M. L., & Iolascon, G. (2025). Physical exercise for primary sarcopenia: An expert opinion. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, 6, 1538336. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2025.1538336

48. Morral, A., Cazorla, J., Alòs, F., Puig-Torregrosa, J., Buela Castell, M., & Romaguera, M. (2025). Prescripción de actividad física y ejercicio físico en atención primaria: Situación actual y retos de implementación. Atención Primaria, 57(9), 103308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2025.103308

49. Muñoz-Carrillo, J. C., Piñero, S. P., Avila-Gandía, V., Rubio-Arias, J. Á., & Roman, J. L. (2024). EFECTOS DE UN PROGRAMA DE FUERZA SOBRE LA CURVA CARGA-VELOCIDAD EN EL EJERCICIO DE PRESS BANCA EN ADULTOS MAYORES DE 50 AÑOS. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25040.32000

50. N. B. R. Alves, F., S. Pedro, W. J., R. Afonso, J. P., A. Souza, S. K., O. Moura, B., P. M. Neto, J., S. I. Tabata, K., R. Alves, L., V. Braga, L., Ribeiro, M. A., V. Barbosa Júnior, F., Hanna, H., A. De Oliveira, D., Regina A. Galdeano, P., . A. Galdeano, P., B. S. Ribeiro Júnior, J., F. De Oliveira, R., R. Freitas Júnior, W., & F. De Oliveira, L. V. (2024). Physical activity for muscle rehabilitation in sarcopenia. Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal, 22. https://doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2024.22.1338

51. Pagan, J. I., Bradshaw, B. A., Bejte, B., Hart, J. N., Perez, V., Knowles, K. S., Beausejour, J. P., Luzadder, M., Menger, R., Osorio, C., Harmon, K. K., Hanney, W. J., Wilson, A. T., Stout, J. R., & Stock, M. S. (2024). Task-specific resistance training adaptations in older adults: Comparing traditional and functional exercise interventions. Frontiers in Aging, 5, 1335534. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2024.1335534

52. Parreira Batista, P., Perracini, M. R., Sirineu Pereira, D., De Amorim, J. S. C., & Pereira, L. S. M. (2024). Can EWGSOP2 and SDOC Definitions of Sarcopenia Identify Functional Muscle Quality? Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls, 09(03), 192–200. https://doi.org/10.22540/JFSF-09-192

53. Pedauyé-Rueda, B., García-Fernández, P., Maicas-Pérez, L., Maté-Muñoz, J. L., & Hernández-Lougedo, J. (2024). Different Diagnostic Criteria for Determining the Prevalence of Sarcopenia in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(9), 2520. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092520

54. Peng, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., & Zhang, S. (2024). Effects of over 10 weeks of resistance training on muscle and bone mineral density in older people with sarcopenia over 70 years old: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Geriatric Nursing, 60, 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.09.016

55. Peña, U. M., Manrique, C. E. M., & Couso-Seoane, C. (s/f). Tratamiento no farmacológico y su acción sobre la musculatura esquelética en ancianos con sarcopenia.

56. Petermann‐Rocha, F., Balntzi, V., Gray, S. R., Lara, J., Ho, F. K., Pell, J. P., & Celis‐Morales, C. (2022). Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 13(1), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12783

57. Pumasunta Pumasunta, E. G., & Espín López, V. I. (2024). Valoración de la capacidad funcional y física en adultos mayores de una comunidad ecuatoriana. Reincisol., 3(6), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.59282/reincisol.V3(6)25-42

58. Putra, C., Konow, N., Gage, M., York, C., & Mangano, K. (2021). Protein Source and Muscle Health in Older Adults: A Literature Review. Nutrients, 13(3), 743. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030743

59. Ribeiro, Y. P. D. S., Correia, A. G. D. S., Dos Santos, J. C., Melo, J. C. D. N., Arai, H., Sampaio, P. Y. S., & Sampaio, R. A. C. (2025). Sarcopenia Research in South America: A Systematic Review of Studies. Aging Medicine and Healthcare, 16(3), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.33879/AMH.163.2023.09099

60. Rodrigues, F., Domingos, C., Monteiro, D., & Morouço, P. (2022). A Review on Aging, Sarcopenia, Falls, and Resistance Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020874

61. Rodríguez-Rejón, A. I., Ruiz-López, M. D., & Artacho Martín-lagos, R. (2019). Diagnosis and prevalence of sarcopenia in long-term care homes: EWGSOP2 versus EWGSOP1. Nutrición Hospitalaria. https://doi.org/10.20960/nh.02573

62. Rodríguez-Rejón, A. I., Ruiz-López, M. D., Wanden-Berghe, C., & Artacho, R. (2019). Prevalence and Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in Residential Facilities: A Systematic Review. Advances in Nutrition, 10(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy058

63. Rojas, L., Willms, K., & Acosta Arrua, V. (2022). Prevalencia de sarcopenia en adultos mayores y su relación con el estado nutricional. UNIDA Salud, 1(1), 8–14.

64. Sánchez, J. L. C., Gallardo-Gómez, D., Alfonso-Rosa, R. M., Cruz, B. D. P., Ramos-Munell, J., & Del Pozo-Cruz, J. (2025). Effectiveness of different types of exercise based-interventions in sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatric Nursing, 63, 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.04.019

65. Sepulveda-Loyola, W., Tricanico Maciel, R. P., De Castro Teixeira, D., Araya-Quintanilla, F., Da Silva Junior, R. A., Álvarez-Bustos, A., Mahmoud Smaili, S., Rodríguez-Mañas, L., Valenzuela- Fuenzalida, J. J., & Suziane Probst, V. (2025). Circuito de ejercicio funcional con tareas duales sobre variables clínicas relacionados con la sarcopenia. Retos, 63, 459–471. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v63.110528

66. Sharma, N., Chahal, A., Balasubramanian, K., Sanjeevi, R. R., Rai, R. H., Bansal, N., Muthukrishnan, R., & Sharma, A. (2023). Effects of resistance training on muscular strength, endurance, body composition and functional performance among sarcopenic patients: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 22(2), 1053–1071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-023-01283-5

67. Shen, Y., Shi, Q., Nong, K., Li, S., Yue, J., Huang, J., Dong, B., Beauchamp, M., & Hao, Q. (2023). Exercise for sarcopenia in older people: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 14(3), 1199–1211. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13225

68. Shi, Y., Tang, Y., Stanmore, E., McGarrigle, L., & Todd, C. (2023). Non-pharmacological interventions for community-dwelling older adults with possible sarcopenia or sarcopenia: A scoping review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 112, 105022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2023.105022

69. Solano García, W., & Carazo Vargas, P. (2018). INTERVENCIONES CON EJERCICIO CONTRA RESISTENCIA EN LA PERSONA ADULTA MAYOR DIAGNOSTICADA CON SARCOPENIA. UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(1), 30000. https://doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v16i1.30000

70. Tarantino, G., Sinatti, G., Citro, V., Santini, S., & Balsano, C. (2023). Sarcopenia, a condition shared by various diseases: Can we alleviate or delay the progression? Internal and Emergency Medicine, 18(7), 1887–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-023-03339-z

71. Tordecilla, B. M. P., Caraballo, O. J. V., & de Córdoba, U. (2022). PROGRAMA DE ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y SALUD PARA EL ADULTO MAYOR DE LORICA.

72. Tuan, S.-H., Chang, L.-H., Sun, S.-F., Li, C.-H., Chen, G.-B., & Tsai, Y.-J. (2024). Assessing the Clinical Effectiveness of an Exergame-Based Exercise Training Program Using Ring Fit Adventure to Prevent and Postpone Frailty and Sarcopenia Among Older Adults in Rural Long-Term Care Facilities: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e59468. https://doi.org/10.2196/59468

73. Tyson, J. (1975). Nursing Administrators’ Annual Conference. Effective delegation. The Australian Nurses’ Journal. Royal Australian Nursing Federation, 4(6), 7.

74. Valenzuela, P. L., Saco-Ledo, G., Morales, J. S., Gallardo-Gómez, D., Morales-Palomo, F., López-Ortiz, S., Rivas-Baeza, B., Castillo-García, A., Jiménez-Pavón, D., Santos-Lozano, A., Del Pozo Cruz, B., & Lucia, A. (2023). Effects of physical exercise on physical function in older adults in residential care: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet Healthy Longevity, 4(6), e247–e256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00057-0

75. Vallejo-López, A. B., Peñafiel-Pazmiño, M. E., Ramírez-Amaya, J., Kou-Guzmán, J., & Noboa-Terán, C. A. (2024). Beneficios de la actividad física y la fisioterapia en adultos mayores con sarcopenia. Código Científico Revista de Investigación, 5(E4), 798–813. https://doi.org/10.55813/gaea/ccri/v5/nE4/525

76. VanDevanter, N., Naegle, M., Nazia, N., Bamodu, A., & Sullivan Marx, E. (2023). Healthy aging and care of the older adult with chronic disease: A qualitative needs assessment in 14 eastern and southern Caribbean islands. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 47, 1. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2023.40

77. Vikberg, S., Sörlén, N., Brandén, L., Johansson, J., Nordström, A., Hult, A., & Nordström, P. (2019). Effects of Resistance Training on Functional Strength and Muscle Mass in 70-Year-Old Individuals With Pre-sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2018.09.011

78. Voulgaridou, G., Tyrovolas, S., Detopoulou, P., Tsoumana, D., Drakaki, M., Apostolou, T., Chatziprodromidou, I. P., Papandreou, D., Giaginis, C., & Papadopoulou, S. K. (2024). Diagnostic Criteria and Measurement Techniques of Sarcopenia: A Critical Evaluation of the Up-to-Date Evidence. Nutrients, 16(3), 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030436

79. Wanden-Berghe, C. (2021). Valoración geriátrica integral. Hospital a Domicilio, 5(2), 115. https://doi.org/10.22585/hospdomic.v5i2.136

80. Wang, H., Huang, W. Y., & Zhao, Y. (2022). Efficacy of Exercise on Muscle Function and Physical Performance in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8212. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138212

81. Wei, L., & Hodgson, C. (2023). Clinimetrics: The Lawton-Brody Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale. Journal of Physiotherapy, 69(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2022.06.007

82. Xie, M., Yang, D., Zhu, Q., Zhu, L., Zhong, Q., Gu, R., & Xu, D. (2025). Effects of protein-based multinutrient therapy on sarcopenia in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(1), 306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03114-4

83. Yasuda, T. (2022). Selected Methods of Resistance Training for Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia. Cells, 11(9), 1389. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11091389

84. Yuan, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2023). Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism, 144, 155533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533

85. Zhang, Y., Zou, L., Chen, S.-T., Bae, J. H., Kim, D. Y., Liu, X., & Song, W. (2021). Effects and Moderators of Exercise on Sarcopenic Components in Sarcopenic Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 649748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.649748

86. Zhao, H., Cheng, R., Song, G., Teng, J., Shen, S., Fu, X., Yan, Y., & Liu, C. (2022). The Effect of Resistance Training on the Rehabilitation of Elderly Patients with Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15491. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315491

87. Zúñiga, M. L. (s/f). Evaluación de un programa kinésico de fortalecimiento muscular en adultos mayores con alteración del equilibrio.