La aplicación de la Teoría de los Cuidados de Dorothea Orem en el cuidado de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas

Sonia Mireya Cárdenas Enríquez; Mónica Patricia Villarreal Enríquez

doi:10.70577/asce.v4i4.503

Autores/as

Sonia Mireya Cárdenas Enríquez Universidad Politécnico Estatal del Carchi https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3145-0306
Mónica Patricia Villarreal Enríquez Investigador independiente https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9001-4133

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v4i4.503

Palabras clave:

Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado; Autocuidado; Enfermedades Crónicas; Enfermería; Revisión Sistemática.

Resumen

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas demandan modelos que integren autonomía y continuidad; la Teoría del Déficit de Autocuidado de Orem ofrece un marco operativo para fortalecer la agencia. Objetivo: sintetizar la evidencia sobre intervenciones basadas en Orem en cronicidad. Métodos: revisión sistemática según PRISMA en PubMed, Scopus y SciELO; periodo 2017 a 2025; selección por dos revisores; síntesis narrativa por heterogeneidad; corpus final de quince estudios. Resultados: predominan sistemas de apoyo y educación personalizados con evaluación del déficit, metas compartidas y refuerzos; se observaron mejoras consistentes en conductas de autocuidado, autoeficacia y calidad de vida; en varios contextos aumentó la adherencia y se describieron beneficios funcionales; ámbitos clínicos incluidos: hemodiálisis, hipertensión, insuficiencia cardiaca, oncología, asma, fibrosis quística, ictus, artrosis de rodilla, diabetes y cuidado domiciliario; la fidelidad de implementación emergió como modulador del efecto. Limitaciones: descripción irregular de dosis educativa y seguimiento; ausencia de metaanálisis por diversidad de medidas. Conclusión: Orem es aplicable y útil para la cronicidad; se recomiendan estudios multicéntricos con seguimiento prolongado y reportes estandarizados para fortalecer su integración como estándar de práctica.

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Citas

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