Thyroid Dysfunction, Hypertriglyceridemia, and Hypertension as a Cardiometabolic Axis: Systematic Review of Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Evidence (2021–2026)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i4.1129Keywords:
Thyroid dysfunction, Cardiometabolic axis, Arterial hypertension, Hypertriglyceridemia, Insulin resistanceAbstract
Thyroid dysfunction presents a challenge that extends beyond the endocrine realm due to its close association with metabolic and cardiovascular abnormalities; notably, changes in thyroid function—even within ranges considered normal—can be linked to alterations in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular risk. The objective was to critically analyze scientific evidence published between 2021 and 2026 regarding the relationship between thyroid dysfunction, hypertriglyceridemia, and arterial hypertension, with an emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms that might integrate these abnormalities within a cardiometabolic axis. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines; the search was performed in Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Web of Science using terms related to thyroid function, triglycerides, insulin resistance, the TyG index, and arterial hypertension. The evidence identified consistent relationships between alterations in thyroid function and changes in triglyceride metabolism, as well as associations between the TyG index, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension. The results indicated that BMI, visceral adiposity, age, sex, and diabetes act as significant modifiers of these associations. The evidence supports the existence of a cardiometabolic axis linking thyroid function, lipid metabolism, and vascular regulation; however, it is not yet possible to establish a definitive causal relationship among these alterations. Insulin resistance and the TyG index emerge as potential connecting elements, while methodological heterogeneity and a scarcity of longitudinal studies limit the causal interpretation of the findings.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Fabio Camilo Jaramillo Contreras, Rocío Noemí Guamán Guamán, Silvia Paulina Inga Huilca, Jesús Javier Ñaccha Urbano, Miguel Santiago Sandoval Romo
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