Intensidad de uso de fertilizantes y consumo de plaguicidas: una evaluación ambiental en países latinoamericanos durante 2018–2023

Diego Xavier Valladolid-Zaruma; Ramón Gabriel Aguilar Vega; Jonathan Gabriel Castro Castro; Luis Pauro Flores; Paola Margarita Suin Miranda

doi:10.70577/asce.v5i2.862

Autores/as

Diego Xavier Valladolid-Zaruma Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2929-5291
Ramón Gabriel Aguilar Vega Institución Universitaria Politécnico Grancolombiano https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3934-7047
Jonathan Gabriel Castro Castro UNESUM https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7706-7097
Luis Pauro Flores Universidad Nacional del Altiplano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-4643
Paola Margarita Suin Miranda Investigador Independiente https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4628-6273

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.70577/asce.v5i2.862

Palabras clave:

América Latina, Consumo, Dependencia, Fertilizante, Medio Ambiente, Plaguicida

Resumen

El incremento de la producción agropecuaria impulsó un mayor consumo de agroquímicos, para mejorar el rendimiento de los cultivos; sin embargo, esta situación generó problemas como degradación del suelo, contaminación hídrica y pérdida de biodiversidad; frente a este contexto, el estudio buscó identificar tendencias y variaciones, en el uso de estos insumos agrícolas en distintos países latinoamericanos. El objetivo consistió en evaluar la intensidad del uso de fertilizantes y el consumo de plaguicidas en Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, México, Panamá y Perú durante el periodo 2018–2023, con la finalidad de reconocer posibles implicaciones ambientales derivadas del empleo de agroquímicos. La metodología se desarrolló bajo un enfoque cuantitativo, cualitativo, descriptivo y crítico; los datos provinieron de CEPALSTAT y correspondieron a indicadores relacionados con fertilizantes y plaguicidas; el análisis consideró valores expresados en kg/ha y toneladas/año, además de tendencias y variabilidad estadística con un nivel de confianza del 95%. Los resultados evidenciaron comportamientos heterogéneos entre países; Colombia y Argentina registraron los mayores niveles de uso de agroquímicos; mientras Bolivia presentó los valores más bajos; en varios países se observó una reducción en la intensidad del uso de fertilizantes hacia 2023, aunque Argentina mantuvo un incremento sostenido en el consumo de plaguicidas. Se concluyó que la agricultura intensiva continúa representando un riesgo ambiental relevante en América Latina, por lo que resulta necesario fortalecer prácticas agrícolas sostenibles y reducir la dependencia de agroquímicos.

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